1954 hague convention for the protection of cultural property in the event of armed conflict11/5/2023 As this article goes to press, that effectiveness is sadly still being tested in the continued war in the Balkans. The effectiveness of the 1954 Convention became a subject of general concern in the early nineties, during the second Gulf War and the war in the former Yugoslavia. The s pecific content of the Convention will be explained in brief under each of the substantive sections of this article. A Protocol dealing mainly with the protection of cultural property in occupied territory was adopted at the same time as the Convention, and 79 States are party thereto. The 1954 Convention has to date been ratified by 95 States, but the basic principles concerning respect for cultural property enshrined in it have become part of customary international law. Cultural property includes museums, libraries, archives, archaeological sites and monuments of architecture, art or history, whether religious or secular. The 1954 Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict (hereafter: the 1954 Convention) is the paramount international instrument for the protection of cultural property during armed conflicts. This article reflects the views of the author and not necessarily those of the ICRC. He followed, on behalf of the ICRC (which had observer status at the Diplomatic Conference in the Hague), the negotiation and adoption of the Second Protocol. Jean-Marie Henckaerts is legal advisor at the ICRC Legal Division. Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict The significance of the Second Protocol to the 1954 Hague Convention for the
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